Impacto de la covid-19 en la práctica preprofesional de estudiantes de sexto año de Medicina / Impact of Covid-19 in the pre-professional practice of sixth year medical students i: en

En los últimos meses del curso escolar 2020-2021, debido a la pandemia de la covid-19 fue necesario modificar el proceso formativo de los estudiantes de sexto año de la carrera de Medicina en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, lo cual incluía a los internos en las modalidades rotatoria y vertical de dicha enseñanza. En el presente artículo se comunican brevemente algunos aspectos relacionados con el aporte asistencial de estos universitarios en los centros de aislamientos, ante el llamado de las autoridades gubernamentales de la provincia, donde demostraron sentido de responsabilidad, amor al prójimo y compromiso durante la atención a los pacientes con diagnósticos de sospecha o definitivo de la enfermedad.

In the last months of 2020-2021 academic year, due to the pandemic of covid-19, it was necessary to modify the training process for the sixth year students of Medicine degree at the University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba, which included interns in rotation and vertical models of said teaching. In this work, some aspects related to their care contribution in the isolation centers, after the call of the governmental authorities in the province, are shortly communicated, where they demonstrated the sense of responsibility, love for their fellow men and commitment during the care to patients with presumptive or positive diagnoses of the disease.

Estrategia educativa para contribuir al desarrollo de una sexualidad sana y responsable en estudiantes de Medicina

El actual resultado constituye una salida del proyecto de investigación perfeccionamiento de la formación socio-humanista en la educación médica superior, que gestiona el Centro de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud, adscrito a la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. El universo estuvo constituido por los estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Medicina, de los que se seleccionó el grupo I. La muestra quedó constituida por 55 estudiantes. Predominaron los jóvenes del sexo femenino y el grupo de edad entre los 17 y 19 años. El estudio inicial consistió en la revisión de la bibliografía y la aplicación de la encuesta para medir el nivel de conocimiento que los jóvenes poseían sobre la sexualidad. Los resultados demostraron las insuficiencias que existían al respecto. La estrategia educativa se elaboró con el objetivo de contribuir al logro de una sexualidad sana y responsable en los estudiantes y la misma se llevó a la práctica desde septiembre 2020 a junio del 2021.

ABTRACT The current result constitutes a departure from the research project for the improvement of socio-humanist training in higher medical education, managed by the Center for the Development of Social and Humanistic Sciences in Health, attached to the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey. The universe was made up of first-year students of the Medicine career, from which group I was selected. The sample was made up of 55 students. Young females and the age group between 17 and 19 years predominated. The initial study consisted of a review of the bibliography and the application of the survey to measure the level of knowledge that young people had about sexuality. The results demonstrated the insufficiencies that existed in this regard. The educational strategy was developed with the objective of contributing to the achievement of a healthy and responsible sexuality in students and it was put into practice from september 2020 to june 2021.

Estrés académico en estudiantes de Medicina durante la pandemia de covid-19 / Academic stress in Medicine students during covid-19 pandemic i: en

Introducción: Los estudiantes de las ciencias médicas refieren mayores niveles de estrés académico, particularmente los de la carrera de Medicina. Objetivo: Caracterizar a estudiantes de Medicina según nivel de estrés, reacciones psicosomáticas y estrategias de afrontamiento usadas durante la pandemia de covid-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, desde septiembre hasta diciembre del 2020, de 30 estudiantes de primer y segundo años de la carrera de Medicina, pertenecientes a la Facultad No. 2 de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, que refirieron sentirse nerviosos. Como variables analizadas figuraron: sexo, nivel de estrés autopercibido, situaciones generadoras de estrés, reacciones físicas, psicológicas, comportamentales, y estrategias de afrontamiento. Se utilizó el porcentaje para los datos cualitativos, así como la media y la desviación estándar para los cuantitativos. Resultados: El nivel de estrés autopercibido resultó medio en el sexo masculino y alto en el femenino. En el estudio predominaron el tiempo limitado para la realización de trabajos, las evaluaciones de los profesores y la sobrecarga académica como situaciones generadoras de estrés; la somnolencia, la inquietud, el aislamiento y los conflictos o discusiones como principales reacciones; la planificación de sus tareas, la búsqueda de información sobre la situación y la habilidad asertiva como estrategias de afrontamiento. Conclusiones: La muestra estudiada se caracterizó por presentar nivel medio de estrés autopercibido, responder a situaciones generadoras de estrés académico, expresar reacciones físicas, psicológicas y comportamentales ante estas situaciones, así como también por usar estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema.

Introduction: Medical sciences students refer higher levels of academic stress, particularly those of the Medicine career. Objective: To characterize Medicine students according to stress level, psychosomatic reactions and confrontation strategies used during covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out from September to December, 2020, of 30 first and second year students of the Medicine career, belonging to Faculty No. 2 of the University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba that referred to feel nervous. The analyzed variables were sex, self-perceived level of stress, situations generating stress, physical, psychological, behavioural reactions and confrontation strategies. The percentage was used for the qualitative data, as well as the mean and the standard deviation for the quantitative ones. Results: The self-perceived level of stress was average in the male sex and high in the female sex. In the study there was a prevalence of the limited time for the realization of works, evaluations of professors and academic overload as situations generating stress; the drowsiness, restlessness, isolation and conflicts or discussions as main reactions; planning of their tasks, search of information on the situation and assertive skill as confrontation strategies. Conclusions: The studied sample was characterized by presenting a medium level of self-perceived stress, responding to situations that generate academic stress, expressing physical, psychological and behavioural reactions when facing these situations, as well as using confrontation strategies focused on the problem.

Uso de fuentes de información en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad de Tacna, Perú

El uso de fuentes de información es importante en la formación del estudiante de medicina; sin embargo, en Latinoamérica se ha reportado una disminución en su empleo y se han identificado problemas en su conocimiento. El objetivo del estudio consistió en determinar los factores asociados al uso de las fuentes de información en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad de Tacna, Perú. Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal en estudiantes de una universidad privada, mediante un muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Se utilizó un instrumento autoaplicado de forma virtual, que indagó en las características socioeducativas, la frecuencia de uso/capacitación de las fuentes de información y las características de la investigación científica. El resultado del estudio indicó un mayor uso de las fuentes de información, asociado con las variables independientes, mediante los modelos de regresión múltiple. De 274 estudiantes, el 32,1 % utilizó frecuentemente las fuentes de información. Las de mayor uso fueron: Google Académico (36,5 %) y SciELO (25,2 %); en contraste, la mayoría de los estudiantes desconocen las fuentes: HINARI (56,2 %) y EMBASE (55,5 %). Desempeñarse en un año académico superior y tener más percepción de las habilidades en la búsqueda de información científica, constituyen los factores asociados a un mayor uso de las fuentes de información.

The use of information sources is important in the training of the medical student; however, in Latin America a decrease in its use has been reported and problems have been identified in its knowledge. The objective of the study was to determine the factors associated with the use of information sources in medical students at a university in Tacna, Peru. An observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out in students of a private university, using a stratified random sampling. A virtual self-applied instrument was used, which inquired into the socio-educational characteristics, the frequency of use/training of the information sources and the characteristics of scientific research. The result of the study indicated greater use of information sources, associated with the independent variables, through multiple regression models. Out of 274 students, 32.1% frequently used information sources. The most used were: Google Scholar (36.5%) and SciELO (25.2%); in contrast, most students are unaware of the sources: HINARI (56.2%) and EMBASE (55.5%). In conclusion, performing in a higher academic year and having more perception of the skills in the search for scientific information are the factors associated with greater use of information sources.

Os cuidados paliativos na visão de internos de um curso de medicina: estudo transversal / Palliative care from the perspective of internal medicine students: a cross-cross study / Cuidados paliativos desde la perspectiva de estudiantes de medicina: un estudio transversal

Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar o conhecimento de estudantes de medicina sobre cuidados paliativos em saúde durante a sua formação. Método: Estudo transversal com 58 participantes dentre um universo de 200 internos de medicina dos quatro últimos períodos da graduação (internato médico) de uma instituição de ensino superior brasileira privada sem fins lucrativos, que tem um currículo integrado com o uso intensivo de metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem. Foi utilizado um questionário, enviado por meio eletrônico e que foi baseado no instrumento americano "Physician's End-of-Life Care Attitude Scale". A coleta de dados ocorreu no terceiro trimestre de 2020 e os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva simples. Resultados: Participaram 58 estudantes, entre 20 e 34 anos, sendo 72% mulheres. Apenas 15,5% se consideraram competentes em dar notícias ruins. Quanto ao manejo clínico, 65,5% necessitaram maior supervisão ou instrução básica na dispneia terminal. Na decisão de retirada do suporte ventilatório de um paciente incapaz de decidir por si, 74,1% se preocuparam com questões legais e profissionais e 77,6% com questões éticas. Em relação ao pensamento sobre a morte do paciente, 67,2% se manifestaram ansiosos ou desconfortáveis. 80% dos estudantes classificaram como importante ou muito importante abordar a temática dos cuidados paliativos durante o internato. Conclusão: Os estudantes expressaram graus variados de conhecimento acerca do tema. Manifestaram maior segurança no manejo dos principais sintomas clínicos. Observou-se que o tema morte provoca certo grau de angústia e desconforto nos estudantes, que consideram necessário o conhecimento sobre cuidados paliativos.

This study aimed to verify the knowledge of medical students about palliative health care during their training. Method: Cross-sectional study with 200 medical students from the last four periods of graduation (medical internship) at a private, non-profit Brazilian higher education institution, which has an integrated curriculum with the intensive use of active teaching-learning methodologies. A questionnaire was used, sent electronically and based on the American instrument "Physician's End-of-Life Care Attitude Scale". Data collection took place in the third quarter of 2020 and the data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. Results: 58 students, aged between 20 and 34 years old, 72% of whom were women. in terminal dyspnea. In the decision to withdraw ventilatory support from a patient unable to decide for himself, 74.1% were concerned with legal and professional issues and 77.6% with ethical issues. Regarding the thought about the patient's death, 67.2% expressed anxiety or discomfort. 80% of the students classified it as important or very important to address the topic of palliative care during the internship. Conclusion: The students expressed varying degrees of knowledge about the topic. They showed greater confidence in the management of the main clinical symptoms. It was observed that the theme of death causes a certain degree of anguish and discomfort in students.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar el conocimiento de los estudiantes de medicina sobre los cuidados paliativos en salud durante su formación. Método: Estudio transversal con 200 estudiantes de medicina de los últimos cuatro períodos de graduación (internado médico) en una institución de educación superior brasileña privada, sin fines de lucro, que tiene un plan de estudios integrado con el uso intensivo de metodologías activas de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Se utilizó un cuestionario, enviado electrónicamente y basado en el instrumento estadounidense "Physician's End-of-Life Care Attitude Scale". La recolección de datos se realizó en el tercer trimestre de 2020 y los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva simple. Resultados: 58 estudiantes, con edades entre 20 y 34 años, de los cuales el 72% eran mujeres. En la decisión de retirar el soporte ventilatorio a un paciente incapaz de decidir por sí mismo, el 74,1% se preocupó por cuestiones legales y profesionales y El 77,6% con problemas éticos. En cuanto al pensamiento sobre la muerte del paciente, el 67,2% manifestó ansiedad o malestar. El 80% de los estudiantes calificaron como importante o muy importante abordar el tema de cuidados paliativos durante la pasantía. Conclusión: Los estudiantes expresaron diversos grados de conocimiento sobre el tema. Mostraron mayor confianza en el manejo de los principales síntomas clínicos. Se observó que el tema de la muerte provoca cierto grado de angustia y malestar en los estudiantes.

Comportamiento del tabaquismo en estudiantes de primer año de medicina de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos

Fundamento: el hábito de fumar se ha convertido en uno de los mayores problemas de Salud Pública a escala internacional. La Organización Mundial de la Salud reporta al tabaquismo como la principal causa prevenible de enfermedad, discapacidad y muerte prematura. Cuando este consumo se inicia en la adolescencia temprana, favorece la consolidación del hábito de fumar, el cual se extiende hasta la vida adulta. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento del tabaquismo en estudiantes de primer año de medicina de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal en estudiantes de primer año de medicina de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos en el período comprendido desde el 5 de septiembre de 2018 al 20 de julio de 2019. El universo estuvo constituido por 199 estudiantes y la muestra quedó conformada por 61 de ellos. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, sexo, color de la piel, inicio del consumo, causas que motivaron al hábito de fumar y lugar de consumo. Fueron empleados como métodos estadísticos, las frecuencias absolutas y los porcentajes. Los resultados se presentaron en cuadros estadísticos. Resultados: el 30,5 % de los adolescentes son fumadores y predominó el sexo femenino con un 85,24 %. Predominó el grupo de 18 años, con un 67,21 %. El 77,04 % comenzó a fumar después de los 16 años y el 100 % fuma en lugares públicos. Conclusiones: se evidenció un incremento del hábito de fumar en adolescentes a expensas del sexo femenino cuyo comienzo del hábito fue en edades tempranas.

Background: smoking has become one of the biggest problems of international Public Health. The World Health Organization reports smoking as the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and premature death. When said consumption begins in early adolescence, it favors the consolidation of the smoking habit, which extends into adulthood. Objective: to characterize the behavior of smoking in first-year medical students at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in first-year medical students at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos in the period from September 5, 2018 to July 20, 2019. The universe consisted of 199 students and the sample was made up of 61 of them. The variables: age, sex, skin color, start of consumption, causes that motivated smoking and place of consumption were studied. Absolute frequencies and percentages were used as statistical methods. The results were presented in statistical tables. Results: 30.5 % of adolescents are smokers and 85.24 % are female. The 18-year-old group predominated, with 67.21 %. 77.0 4 % started smoking after the age of 16 and 100 % smoke in public places. Conclusions: there was evidence of an increase in the smoking habit in adolescents at the expense of the female sex, whose habit began at an early age.

Calidad de la evaluación en estomatología en el período 2014-2021 / Quality of the evaluation in the dental medicine major in the period 2014-2021

Introducción: La ampliación de la matrícula en la carrera de estomatología y la apertura de nuevos escenarios docentes descentralizados han constituido un reto en la formación de los educandos. Con el ejercicio del examen estatal se certifica la competencia de los egresados. Objetivo: Comparar los resultados de la evaluación final de la asignatura Atención integral a la población con los del examen ordinario estatal de la carrera de estomatología en los escenarios docentes descentralizados de Plaza de la Revolución. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y transversal de los resultados del examen ordinario estatal de la carrera de estomatología en el período 2014-2021, en los escenarios docentes descentralizados de Plaza de La Revolución. Los resultados finales se compararon con la nota final de la asignatura Atención integral a la población. Se trabajó con el universo de los estudiantes (161). Se utilizaron los números enteros y el porcentaje. Resultados: Los resultados de la asignatura Atención integral a la población fueron ligeramente superiores a los obtenidos en la prueba estatal. En ambos predominaron las calificaciones de alto rendimiento, para un 69,5 por ciento y un 57,1 por ciento respectivamente. Conclusiones: La calidad satisfactoria de los resultados docentes de los exámenes finales de Atención integral a la población y el estatal se mantuvieron con una tendencia a la mejoraría de las calificaciones de los últimos tres cursos(AU)

Introduction: An increase in the enrollment acceptance for the dental medicine major and the creation of new decentralized teaching settings have become challenges with respect to the training of students. The state examination certifies the competence of graduates. Objective: To compare the results of the final evaluation corresponding to the subject of Comprehensive Population Care with the results of the first call for the state examination corresponding to the dental medicine major in the context of decentralized teaching settings of Plaza de la Revolución Municipality, Havana, Cuba. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out with the results of the first call for the state examination corresponding to the dental medicine major in the period 2014-2021, in the context of decentralized teaching settings of Plaza de La Revolución Municipality. The final results were compared with the final scores corresponding to the subject of Comprehensive Population Care. The universe of students (161) were included. Integer numbers and percentages were used. Results: The results corresponding to the subject of Comprehensive Population Care were slightly higher than the results obtained in the state examination. Both were characterized by predominantly high performance scores, accounting for 69.5 percent and 57.1 percent, respectively. Conclusions: The satisfactory quality of the teaching results corresponding to the final exams for the subject of Comprehensive Population Care and the state examination maintained a tendency of improving scores in the last three academic years(AU)

Estrés académico asociado a proteína C-reactiva y síndrome metabólico en estudiantes de medicina / Academic stress associated with C - reactive protein and metabolic syndrome in medical students

Introducción: El estrés académico resulta de la confrontación de un individuo con las demandas del medio universitario, lo cual puede producir cambios a nivel neuro-endocrino-inmunológico y generar un estado de inflamación crónica en donde los niveles de proteína C-reactiva aumentan. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de estrés académico y proteína C-reactiva en estudiantes de medicina y su posible asociación con síndrome metabólico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte longitudinal que determinó el estrés académico en 68 estudiantes de medicina (41 mujeres y 27 hombres). Se obtuvo información sociodemográfica y clínica de cada estudiante. Se aplicó un cuestionario para la evaluación del estrés académico y se obtuvieron dos muestras de sangre para realizar dos pruebas de proteína C-reactiva de alta sensibilidad en dos tiempos diferentes. Resultados: Pese a que se observaron niveles altos de estrés académico y proteína C-reactiva, no hubo una asociación directa; sin embargo, se encontraron relaciones significativas entre proteína C-reactiva y las variables clínicas, además de un riesgo alto de desarrollar síndrome metabólico. Conclusiones: Se observaron altos niveles de estrés académico asociado a las demandas y exigencias de un programa de medicina con acreditación de alta calidad. Los altos niveles de proteína C-reactiva fueron asociados a los altos niveles de obesidad abdominal, lo que hace que un número significativo de estudiantes se encuentre en riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares y diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sobre todo aquellos en los que se detectó prehipertensión. No se encontró una relación significativa entre el estrés académico y los niveles de proteína C-reactiva(AU)

Introduction: Academic stress results from the confrontation of an individual with the demands of the university environment, which can produce changes at the neuro-endocrine-immunological level and generate a state of chronic inflammation where the levels of C-reactive protein increase. Objective: To determine the levels of academic stress and C-reactive protein in medical students and their possible association with metabolic syndrome. Methods: A longitudinal descriptive observational study was conducted to determine academic stress in 68 medical students (41 women and 27 men). Sociodemographic and clinical information was obtained from each student. A questionnaire was applied to assess academic stress and two blood samples were obtained to perform two high-sensitivity C-reactive protein tests at two different times. Results: Although high levels of academic stress and C-reactive protein were observed, there was no direct association; however, significant relationships were found between C-reactive protein and clinical variables, in addition to a high risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: High levels of academic stress associated with the demands and requirements of a medicine program with high quality accreditation were observed. High levels of C-reactive protein were associated with high levels of abdominal obesity, which means that a significant number of students are at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially those in whom prehypertension was detected. No significant relationship was found between academic stress and C-reactive protein levels(AU)

Utilidad atribuida por los estudiantes a los recursos para el aprendizaje de la Medicina Interna / Usefulness of learning resources for internal medicine recognized by students

Introducción: En la educación médica superior, las opiniones de los estudiantes constituyen valiosas herramientas para justipreciar la calidad del proceso docente educativo. En la asignatura Medicina Interna es importante determinar los recursos de aprendizaje más provechosos y atractivos para los estudiantes, con el propósito de mejorar la calidad del proceso docente educativo. Objetivos: Identificar la utilidad que los estudiantes le atribuyen a los recursos didácticos para el aprendizaje de los contenidos teóricos de la asignatura Medicina Interna. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal en el Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Joaquín Albarrán Domínguez. La muestra incluyó 483 estudiantes de la asignatura Medicina Interna de los cursos 2016-2017 y 2017-2018, a los que se les aplicó una encuesta para identificar sus opiniones sobre la utilidad que le atribuyen a los recursos para el aprendizaje de los contenidos teóricos de la asignatura Medicina Interna. Resultados: El 67,5 por ciento de los estudiantes prefiere disponer de materiales digitales confeccionados por los profesores con preguntas para su autoevaluación, el 67,3 por ciento considera que puede aprender los contenidos teóricos de la asignatura solo mediante el estudio independiente, el 32,1 por ciento encuentra útil asistir a las conferencias y el 84,1 por ciento prefiere consultar al profesor para aclarar sus dudas. Conclusiones: Para alcanzar mayor eficiencia en el aprendizaje de los contenidos teóricos de la asignatura Medicina Interna, debe potenciarse el desarrollo de modalidades de clases taller que tengan en cuenta las expectativas de los estudiantes y promuevan el empleo de recursos didácticos para el aprendizaje activo(AU)

Introduction: In higher medical education, students´ s opinions are valuable tools to assess the quality of the educational teaching process. In the Internal Medicine subject, it is important to determine the most profitable and attractive learning resources for students, with the purpose of improving the quality of the educational teaching process. Objectives: To identify the usefulness that students attribute to the didactic resources for learning the theoretical contents of Internal Medicine. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional observational study was carried out at Joaquín Albarrán Domínguez Clinical-Surgical Teaching Hospital. The sample included 483 students of the Internal Medicine of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 school years, to whom a survey was applied to identify their opinions on the usefulness they attribute to the resources for learning theoretical contents of Internal Medicine. Results: 67.5 percent of students prefer to have digital materials made by teachers with questions for self-assessment, 67.3 percent consider that they can learn theoretical content of the subject only through independent study, 32.1 percent find it useful to attend the lectures and 84.1 percent prefer to consult the professor to clarify their questions. Conclusions: In order to achieve better efficiency in learning theoretical contents of Internal Medicine, workshop- class modalities should be promoted to take into account the expectations of the students and promote the use of didactic resources for active learning(AU)

Dependencia emocional en estudiantes de Medicina / Emotional dependence of students of medicine

RESUMEN Objetivos: Identificar la dependencia emocional en los estudiantes de medicina de universidad pública. Material y métodos : Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, exploratorio, descriptivo, transversal. Se aplicó la escala de dependencia emocional de Ancima, Caballero, Cirilo y Aguirre (2013) integrada por 42 ítems. Las respuestas se establecen dicotómicamente Si o no. La población se conformó por 332 estudiantes de medicina de quinto año de una universidad pública. La escala fue aplicada a 303 estudiantes una muestra no probabilística, por conveniencia. Resultados: De 303 estudiantes, 183 (60,39%) eran del género femenino y 120 (39,60%) masculino, con promedio de edad de 24 años, con una desviación estándar de 1,46. Solo el 2,98% fueron "estables" y el 90,39% con "tendencia a la dependencia". Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de medicina presentan una marcada tendencia a la dependencia emocional. Siendo las mujeres las más dependientes.

SUMMARY Objective: To determine the emotional dependence of students of medicine in a public university. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried-out applying the 42-item scale of emotional dependence of Ancima, Caballero, Cirilo y Aguirre (2013) with dichotomous responses (yes/no); 332 five-year medical students were selected; a nonprobabilistic sample of 303 students was finally recruited. Results: 183 (60.39%) were females: mean age was 24 years; only 2.98% were stables and 90.39% had a tendency for dependence. Conclusions: Five-year medical students had a marked tendency for dependence, especially female students.

El e-learning e impacto en la enseñanza y evaluación de anatomía humana durante la COVID 19: una revisión de la calidad de la literatura / E-learning and impact on the teaching and assessment of human anatomy during COVID 19: a review of the quality of the literature

RESUMEN: El e-learning (aprendizaje electrónico) es el proceso de enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación, a través de internet y la tecnología, es decir, está centrado en los métodos de aprendizaje, la expansión y conexión de información, que en el uso de una computadora como un artefacto en el proceso de aprendizaje. El propósito de esta revisión fue identificar estudios que exploraran las tecnologías e-learning y su impacto en el proceso de enseñanza y evaluación de Anatomía Humana, y evaluar la calidad de investigación publicada. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en las bases de datos Pudmed (Medline), Ovid (cochrane Central), Ovid (Medline), Scopus, Web of science (clarivate) y Science Direct, incluyendo las palabras claves: Examination, Teaching, COVID-19 medical education, COVID-19, Medical student exams, Anatomy, Students, Medical. Se evaluó la calidad de las investigaciones a través del instrumento de Calidad del Estudio de Investigación de Educación Médica (MERSQI). En total se encontraron 202 artículos de investigación, y al aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se identificaron un total de 24 artículos; tras leer los artículos, se escogieron cuatro investigaciones que cumplieron con los criterios de síntesis en esta revisión. En general, los resultados mostraron un impacto favorable de las tecnologías e-learning pues facilitó el acceso, la flexibilidad y el ritmo de aprendizaje para cada estudiante, también promovió nuevas formas de enseñanza y evaluación en la disciplina de la Anatomía Humana en estudiantes de medicina durante la pandemia la COVID-19. Así, la educación médica para la ciencia básica en anatomía humana indica una transición a un aprendizaje combinado de lo presencial y virtual a un modelo de aprendizaje mixto (b-learning).

SUMMARY: E-learning (electronic learning) is the process of teaching, learning and evaluation, through the internet and technology, that is, it is focused on learning methods, the expansion and connection of information, which in the use of a computer as an artifact in the learning process. The purpose of this review was to identify studies that explore e-learning technologies and their impact on the teaching and assessment process of Human Anatomy, and to assess the quality of published research. A systematic review of the literature was carried out in the databases Pudmed (Medline), Ovid (Cochrane Central), Ovid (Medline), Scopus, Web of science (clarivate) and Science Direct, including the keywords: Examination, Teaching, COVID-19 medical education, COVID-19, Medical student exams, Anatomy, Students, Medical. Research quality was assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality (MERSQI) instrument. In total, 202 research articles were found, and when applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 24 articles were identified; After reading the articles, four investigations were chosen that met the synthesis criteria in this review. In general, the results showed a favorable impact of e-learning technologies since it facilitated access, flexibility and learning pace for each student, it also promoted new forms of teaching and evaluation in the discipline of Human Anatomy in medical students. during the Covid-19 pandemic. Thus, medical education for basic science in human anatomy indicates a transition from blended face-to-face and virtual learning to a blended learning model (b-learning).

Tributo a los 8 estudiantes de Medicina en el 150 aniversario de su fusilamiento / Tribute to the 8 Medicine students in the 150 anniversary of their execution

El 27 de noviembre de 1871 fueron fusilados 8 estudiantes de Medicina. Este hecho injusto, teñido por la sangre de jóvenes cubanos, indignó a muchas personas tanto en Cuba como en el extranjero y mostró, una vez más, las garras asesinas de una metrópoli española que iba en decadencia. El presente artículo, que rinde tributo a estos jóvenes en el 150 aniversario de los acontecimientos, reseña de forma historiográfica y documental aquellos trágicos sucesos. Se analizan los antecedentes que favorecieron el asesinato. Se comenta sobre el periodista español Gonzalo Castañón y se exponen los juicios a los cuales fueron sometidos dichos estudiantes.

On November 27th, 1871, 8 Medicine students were executed. This unjust event, stained with the blood of Cuban youths, indignated many people both in Cuba and abroad and showed, once again, the murderous clutches of a Spanish metropolis that were falling into decline. The present work that surrenders tribute to these youths in the 150 anniversary of the events, points out in a historiographic and documentary way those tragic incidents. The precedents that favored the murder are analyzed. It is commented on the Spanish journalist Gonzalo Castañón and the trials to which were subjected these students are exposed.

Prevalencia de depresión durante la COVID-19 en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad privada mexicana / Prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 in medicine students from a private Mexican university

Introducción: Durante la pandemia de COVID-19 las autoridades sanitarias tomaron medidas de confinamiento e implementaron actividades educativas a distancia. Estos cambios, aunados al aislamiento social, han provocado alteraciones mentales, como la depresión, en los estudiantes de medicina. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de depresión durante la COVID-19 en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad privada de México. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, transversal y no experimental, en febrero de 2021, de 278 alumnos de cuarto, sexto y octavo semestres de la Universidad Xochicalco, campus Mexicali, Baja California, de México. Se utilizó la escala de Zung como instrumento para medir la depresión y para el análisis estadístico se emplearon medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión; mientras que para la diferencia de variables nominales la prueba de X². Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 20,80 años, con predominio del sexo femenino (61,7 %) y una prevalencia de depresión de 17,0 % (depresión ligera), principalmente en los estudiantes del cuarto semestre. Por su parte, 31,6 % de los alumnos presentaron COVID-19; en tanto, 85,2 % tuvo algún familiar contagiado y 25,5 % de ellos, familiares fallecidos. Conclusiones: Existe ligera depresión en los estudiantes del mencionado centro universitario, por lo cual el personal del Departamento de Psicología ha tenido que adaptarse a esta nueva normalidad para poder brindarles todo el apoyo que requieren en estos tiempos de pandemia y confinamiento, de ahí que se impone un mejor conocimiento sobre las afectaciones mentales para incidir en su prevención y en el tratamiento adecuado.

Introduction: During the pandemic of COVID-19 health authorities took confinement measures and implemented distance educational activities. These changes, along with the social isolation, have caused mental disorders, as depression, in medicine students. Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression during COVID-19 in medicine students from a private university of Mexico. Methods: A descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional and non experimental study of 278 students from fourth, sixth and eighth semesters from the University Xochicalco, campus Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, was carried out on February, 2021. The Zung scale was used as instrument to measure the depression and for the statistical analysis measures of central tendency and dispersion were used; while for the difference of nominal variables the chi-squared test was used. Results: The average age was 20.84 ± 1.74 years, with prevalence of the female sex (61.7 %) and a prevalence of depression at 17.0 % (mild depression), mainly in the students from fourth semester. On the other hand, 31.6 % of the students presented COVID-19; as long as, 85.2 % had some relative with the disease and 25.5 of them, had dead relatives. Conclusions: There is mild depression in the students from the university center abovementioned, reason why the Psychology Department staff has had to adapt to this new normality to be able to offer them the whole support required in these times of pandemic and confinement, so a better knowledge on the mental disorders to impact in its prevention and in the appropriate treatment is imposed.

Um programa de mentoria para estudantes de Medicina de uma universidade do Centro-Oeste brasileiro / A mentoring program for medicine students at a University inthe Midwest of Brazil

Resumo: Introdução: Neste artigo, fazemos um relato de experiência da implantação e do funcionamento de um programa de mentoria aplicado a estudantes de graduação do curso de Medicina de uma universidade do Centro-Oeste brasileiro. É consenso que a pressão dos cursos de Medicina provoca sobrecarga emocional e afeta negativamente os estudantes, e é preciso que medidas de apoio sejam implementadas. Relato de experiência: O programa de mentoria da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás teve um processo de construção lógico. Foi criado no início de 2015, pelo reconhecimento da necessidade da instituição em apoiar os acadêmicos durante sua graduação, fato evidenciado a partir do atendimento psicológico ao aluno e de uma pesquisa in loco. Os seguintes aspectos-chave caracterizam o programa: é oferecido como uma disciplina eletiva, pode ser feito até cinco vezes e,além de um encontro mensal com o mentor, o estudante escolhe as oficinas de que deseja participar, diversificando assim sua formação. Após 12 semestres de funcionamento, sintetizamos neste artigo uma parte de nossos resultados e algumas reflexões sobre o que queremos para o futuro do programa. Discussão: A implementação da mentoria e suas adequações foram resultados de pesquisa, capacitação, discussões dos docentes e avaliação periódica pelos mentorados. As mudanças procuraram atender às expectativas e sugestões dos estudantes, objetivando atrair a atenção e satisfazer aos anseios dos discentes. Ao longo dos 12 semestres de funcionamento do programa, o interesse dos alunos pela matrícula na disciplina cresceu, com forte avaliação positiva, especialmente pela livre escolha e diversidade de oficinas, e pelo envolvimento do tutor. Conclusão: As instituições de ensino devem estimular a criação de programas de mentoria. O programa relatado neste artigo tem tido boa aceitação por parte dos alunos e nos aponta bons resultados.

Abstract: Introduction: This article reports on the experience of implementing and running a mentoring program for medical school students at a Brazilian university in the Midwest region. It is widely accepted that the pressure at medical school is detrimental to the students and often leads to emotional overload. Therefore, supporting mechanisms must be implemented. Experience report: The mentoring program at the Federal University of Goiás had a logical beginning. It was created in early 2015, after psychotherapy services offered to the students led to an in loco research study, which in turn pointed out the need to provide support to students throughout their undergraduate studies. There are some key characteristic aspects of the program: it's an elective course, which can be taken up to 5 times, and the students can choose the workshops they want to attend in addition to the monthly meeting with the mentor, which allows for diverse paths to be followed. After twelve semesters in existence, this article presents a summary of some of the results obtained and reflections on the future of this program. Discussion: The implementation of the program and its adaptations resulted from research, professional development, discussions among professors and regular assessments by the mentees. Changes were made according to the expectations and suggestions of participating students, aiming to effectively meet their needs and represent a desirable course. Since its inception, the program has attracted increasingly more students, and enjoyed a strong positive evaluation, mainly due to the various workshops to choose from and engagement with the mentor. Conclusion: Universities should support the creation of such mentoring programs. The program discussed in this article has been well received and points towards positive outcomes.

Intervención psicoterapéutica breve en estudiantes caribeños de Medicina con reacciones psicológicas por impacto ante la COVID-19 / Brief psychotherapeutic intervention in Caribbean Medicine students with psychological reactions due to impact of the COVID-19

Introducción: La propagación de la COVID-19 y su exponencial crecimiento como pandemia, abarcando a todas las regiones del mundo, ha sido, sin duda, un estresor social, psicológico y fisiológico sin precedentes. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la psicoterapia breve en un grupo de estudiantes caribeños de Medicina. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio de intervención psicoterapéutica, monocéntrico, en 16 estudiantes caribeños de la Facultad de Medicina No. 1 en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, durante abril de 2020, los cuales presentaron diversas manifestaciones psicológicas y/o psicopatológicas debido al impacto ante la COVID-19. A cada uno se le aplicó la escala de autoevaluación de depresión de Zung y Conde y el IDARE para evaluar el estado de ansiedad antes y después del tratamiento; también se les realizó una entrevista semiestructurada para profundizar en el problema y determinar el funcionamiento emocional y las situaciones generadoras de esos estados. Resultados: El sexo predominante fue el femenino y el rango etario de mayor frecuencia el de 20-30 años. Luego de la intervención existió una reducción tácita de los niveles de ansiedad y los síntomas depresivos, y se obtuvo una evolución clínica favorable. Conclusiones: La intervención psicoterapéutica resultó ser efectiva, pues se actuó directamente sobre los aspectos relacionados con la enfermedad que infundían temor a los educandos, y con ello se logró una buena respuesta clínica.

Introduction: The propagation of the COVID-19 and its exponential growth as pandemic, extended to all the regions of the world, has been, undoubtedly, a social, psychological and physiologic stressor without precedents. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the brief psychotherapy in a group of Caribbean Medicine students. Methods: A monocentric study of psychotherapeutic intervention was carried out in 16 Caribbean students from the No. 1 Medicine Faculty in the University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba, during April, 2020, which presented diverse psychological and/or psychopathological signs due to the impact of COVID-19. The depression self-appraisal scale of Zung-Conde and IDARE was applied to all of them to evaluate the state of anxiety before and after the treatment; a semistructured interview was also carried out to deepen in the problem and to determine the emotional performance and the generating situations of those states. Results: The predominant sex was the female and the age range of more frequency was that of 20-30 years. After the intervention it existed a tacit reduction of the anxiety levels and the depressive symptoms, and there was a favorable clinical course. Conclusions: The psychotherapeutic intervention was effective, because it directly acted on the aspects related to the disease that instill fear to the students, and a good clinical answer was achieved.

Desempenhos na Área de Competência Educação em Saúde: Autoavaliação de Estudantes de Medicina / Performance in Health Education Competency: Self-Assessment of Medical Students

Resumo: Introdução: As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) para o curso de Medicina, publicadas no ano de 2014, descrevem as competências esperadas para o egresso. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como os estudantes de Medicina se avaliam na área de competência educação em saúde. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico com estudantes dos dois últimos anos de quatro escolas médicas de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Aplicou-se um questionário embasado nas DCN e fundamentado em três ações-chave: identificação de necessidades de aprendizagem individual e coletiva, promoção da construção e socialização do conhecimento e promoção do pensamento científico e crítico e apoio à produção de novos conhecimentos. Realizou-se a análise descritiva e bivariada pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, com nível de significância 5%. O teste analisou desempenhos na área de educação em saúde conforme sexo, ano de graduação e autoavaliação da experiência na atenção primária à saúde (APS). Resultados: Participaram 524 estudantes, a maioria do sexo feminino (57,0%), com idade entre 21 e 25 anos (66,9%), matrícula no último ano da graduação (65,3%), com participação em liga acadêmica (55,6%) e experiência positiva no âmbito da APS (78,5%). A maioria dos estudantes considerou "ótimo" o próprio desempenho nos quesitos de aprendizado com as relações interprofissionais (69,0%), identificação das próprias necessidades de aprendizagem (63,5%) e promoção de ações de educação em saúde da mulher (66,5%). Os estudantes avaliaram que o desempenho deles é "ruim/regular" no uso de sistemas de informação (33,8%) e na adoção de metodologia científica na leitura crítica de artigos técnico-científicos (21,2%). Foram associados à "boa/ótima" experiência em APS os seguintes desempenhos: apoio à produção de novos conhecimentos, construção e socialização de conhecimentos para a comunidade e promoção de ações de educação em saúde da mulher (p < 0,05). Nesse último desempenho, destaca-se a diferença significante entre sexos: as estudantes do sexo feminino avaliaram-se melhor que os homens (p < 0,05). Conclusão: A experiência positiva na APS está associada com desempenhos de fundamental importância para atuação médica, tanto na abordagem individual como na coletiva.

Abstract: Introduction: The National Curriculum Guidelines (NCGs) for the medical course, published in 2014, describe the expected competencies for graduating medical students. Objective: To investigate how medical students evaluate themselves in the area of Health Education. Method: Cross-sectional analytical study among student interns from four medical schools in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The questionnaire was based on the NGCs and substantiated by three key actions: 'Individual and Collective Learning Needs Identification'; 'Knowledge Construction and Socialization Promotion'; and 'Scientific and Critical Thinking Promotion and Support for New Knowledge Production'. Descriptive and bivariate analysis was performed using Pearson's Chi-square Test, with a significance level of 5%. The test assesssed performance in Health Education according to sex, year of undergraduate training and self-evaluation of experience in Primary Health Care (PHC). Results: A total of 524 students participated in the study, mostly females (57.0%), aged between 21 and 25 years (66.9%), in their final year of undergraduate training (65.3%), belonging to an academic league (55.6%) and having reported a positive experience in PHC (78.5%). The majority evaluate themselves as 'very good' at 'learning with interprofessional relationships' (69.0%), 'identification of personal learning needs' (63.5 %), and 'promotion of education actions in Women's Health' (66.5%). Students evaluate themselves as 'poor/satisfactory' at 'using information systems' (33.8%), and 'adoption of scientific methodology in critical reading of technical-scientific articles' (21.2%). The following performances were associated to a 'good/very good' PHC experience: 'support for new knowledge production'; 'knowledge construction and socialization in the community' and 'promotion of education actions in Women's Health' (p < 0.05). For this last performance there is a significant difference in sex, where female students evaluated themselves better than male students (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A positive experience in PHC was associated with performances considered of fundamental importance to medical practice, both from an individual and collective perspective.

Insuficiencia académica en estudiantes de primer año de medicina / Academic deficiency in first year medicine students

Introducción: El rendimiento académico puede conceptualizarse como el nivel de instrucciones logrados por los estudiantes, en el cual tiene un papel básico la correlación sistémica con el profesor. Objetivo: Determinar algunos aspectos psicosociales asociados al bajo rendimiento académico en alumnos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, durante el año 2017, de 285 estudiantes de primer año de medicina, pertenecientes a la Facultad de Medicina No. 2 de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas Santiago de Cuba, quienes habían desaprobado la asignatura Sistemas Nervioso, Endocrino y Reproductor. Para ello se aplicaron una encuesta, la escala de estrés de Holmes y Rahe, los inventarios de ansiedad rasgo-estado y de depresión de Beck; también se tuvieron en cuenta las notas de las evaluaciones frecuentes y parciales, el examen intrasemestral y la trayectoria del estudiante en la asignatura. Resultados: En la serie se obtuvo un predominio del bajo rendimiento académico en féminas y entre los factores sociales más frecuentes estuvieron los estilos de vida inadecuados y el divorcio de los padres, mientras que entre los psicológicos figuraron la desmotivación y los altos niveles de estrés.

Introduction: The academic performance can be conceptualized as the level of instructions achieved by the students, in which the systemic correlation with the professor has a basic role. Objective: To determine some psychosocial aspects associated with the poor academic performance in students. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 285 first year medicine students, belonging to the Medicine Faculty No. 2 of the University of Medical Sciences was carried out during 2017 in Santiago de Cuba who had failed the subject Nervous, Endocrine and Reproductive Systems. A survey, Holmes and Rahe estress scale, the feature-state anxiety and Beck depression inventories were carried out; the frequent and partial evaluations marks, the intrasemestral exam and the student's trajectory in the subject were also taken into account. Results: In the series a prevalence of the poor academic perfomance was obtained in females and inadequate lifestyles and divorce of the parents were among the most frequent social factors, while among the psychological factors we can mention the lack of motivation and high estress levels.

Percepción de estudiantes sobre la sexualidad como temática curricular en la carrera de medicina / Students' perception about the sexuality like thematic curricular in the medicine career

Introducción: Cuba es un país con avances en la educación y salud, pero se observan insuficiencias en la preparación de recursos humanos encargados de dar respuesta a necesidades de educación, salud, y derechos sexuales. La Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana ha realizado modificaciones de sus programas acorde a las exigencias actuales. Objetivos: Describir la percepción de estudiantes sobre la sexualidad, sus necesidades sobre el tema y los contenidos recibidos en el programa curricular de carrera de medicina. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal, desde una perspectiva cuantitativa y cualitativa, en 33 estudiantes de 5to año de medicina, del Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas Victoria de Girón, que rotaron por Psiquiatría entre marzo y abril del 2017. Se seleccionaron todos los alumnos que cursaron la asignatura en ese periodo, que dieron su consentimiento informado y completaron las informaciones solicitadas. Se utilizaron métodos empíricos y teóricos de análisis. Resultados: El 66,67 por ciento de los encuestados consideró que habían recibido contenidos de sexualidad en la carrera y 93,93 por ciento que el tema era importante. La promiscuidad y relaciones sexuales no protegidas fueron problemas percibidos. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los alumnos percibieron que pueden orientar, pero hallaron dificultades para el diagnóstico de problemas sexuales. En general se trabaja poco el tema la sexualidad desde una perspectiva de género y de placer(AU)

Introduction: Cuba is a country with advances in education and health, but there are insufficiencies in the preparation of human resources to respond the needs of education, health, and sexual rights. The University Of Medical Sciences Of Havana has made modifications of its programs according to the current requirements. Objectives: To describe the perception of students about sexuality, the contents received in the curricular program of medical career and it needs. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional observational study was conducted, from a quantitative and qualitative perspective, on 33 5th year medical students from the Institute of Basic and Preclinical Sciences Victoria de Girón, who rotated for Psychiatry between March and April 2017. Were selected all the students who attended the course in that period, who gave their informed consent and completed the information requested. Empirical and theoretical methods of analysis were used. Results: 66.67 percent of the respondents considered that they had received contents of sexuality in the career and 93.93 percent that the subject was important. Promiscuity and unprotected sex were perceived problems. Conclusions: The majority of the students perceived that they can guide, but they found difficulties for the diagnosis of sexual problems. In general, the subject of sexuality is scarcely studied from a gender and pleasure perspective(AU)

Prevalência e correlatos da depressão com características de saúde e demográficas de universitários de medicina / Prevalence and correlates of depression with health and demographic characteristics of medical students

Introdução: A depressão tem prevalência estimada de 7,6% em brasileiros com 18 anos ou mais, sendo mais comum em mulheres. Quanto aos estudantes universitários, esse número alcança a faixa de 15% a 25%, contudo, entre acadêmicos de medicina os índices variam entre 30 a 60%. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de depressão e correlacioná-la com características de saúde e demográficas de estudantes do curso de medicina de uma faculdade do interior do nordeste brasileiro. Material e Métodos: Estudo descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa com 138 estudantes de medicina das Faculdades Integradas de Patos (76,7% do universo de pesquisa), utilizando-se do Inventário de Depressão de Beck, e realizando correlações estatísticas com o software IBM SPSS Statistics. A coleta de dados foi realizada após a aprovação do projeto pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa das Faculdades Integradas de Patos - CAAE: 56479516.8.0000.5181/Número do Parecer: 1.582.097/2016. Resultados: A prevalência de depressão nos estudantes foi de 52,8%, distribuídos em depressão leve (39,1%), moderada (12,3%) e grave (1,4%). Maiores pontuações de depressão em mulheres (r = 0,24; p < 0,01), naqueles sem bolsa de estudo (r = 0,27; p < 0,01), entre os alunos que já pensaram em desistir do curso (r = 0,48; p < 0,01) e os que já precisaram tomar medicamento devido ao curso (r = 0,24; p < 0,01). Conclusões: O estudo indicou quadro depressivo leve entre os estudantes, sinalizando a necessidade de intervenções urgentes.

Introduction: Depression has an estimated prevalence of 7.6% (11.2 million) in Brazilians aged, 18 years and over. It is more common in women. As for university students, this number reaches the range of 15% to 25%; however, among medical students, the rates range from 30 to 60%. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of depression and to correlate it with health and demographic characteristics of medical students of a university in the interior of the Northeastern Brazil. Patients and Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach of 138 medical students from the Faculdades Integradas de Patos (76.7% of the research universe), using the Beck Depression Inventory, and performing correlations with IBM SPSS Statistics software. Data collection was carried out only after approval of the project by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculdades Integradas de Patos - CAAE: 56479516.8.0000.5181/Process Number: 1.582.097/2016. Results: This study demonstrated that the prevalence of depression among medical students is 52.8%, with the following rates: mild (39.1%), moderate (12.3%) and severe (1.4%). Higher depression scores were found among women (r = 0.24, p < 0.01), those who did not have a scholarship (r = 0.27, p < 0.01), among students who considered quitting the course (r = 0.48, p < 0.01) and those who already had to take medication because the course (r = 0.24, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The study indicated a mild depressive clinical picture among students, signaling the need for urgent interventions.

Propuesta del cine de ciencia ficción para educar en Bioética / Science Fiction Cinema Proposal for Bioethic Education / Proposta do Cinema de Ficção Científica Para Educar em Bioética

Resumen Para el poshumanismo, las tecnologías eliminarán el envejecimiento, potenciarán la cognición, la fuerza y conservarán la psiquis humana en soportes digitales. Estas ideas, presentes en filmes de ciencia ficción, resultarían útiles para educar en Bioética a estudiantes de medicina. Proponemos algunos de estos filmes que tratan sobre cambios tecnológicos de humanos y sus consecuencias: creación de humanoides por ingeniería genética; esclavos; "mercancía" sin derechos ni dignidad; discriminación por manipulación genética eugenésica; inteligencia artificial que domina a humanos; creación de cyborg para matar; supremacía étnica y suplantación de identidad; inteligencia impersonal; traspaso de conciencia e identidad después de la muerte. El análisis de los filmes ayudaría al profesor a analizar con los estudiantes los límites morales de la ciencia y las tecnologías.

Abstract Posthumanism state that technologies will eliminate aging, improve cognitive, physical and psychological skills and keep alive human minds by uploading them in machines as artificial intelligence. These beliefs, as constant features in science fiction films, could be useful to educate medical students in Bioethics. We propose some of these science fiction films related with technological changes of humans and the noxious consequences: Being turned into a humanoid created by genetic engineering; a slave or a merchandize without rights; discrimination because of eugenesic genetic manipulation; and/or the creation of cyborgs of mass destruction. Also, the movies can show the reader issues of ethnic supremacy dilemmas, identity impersonate and ambition, impersonal intelligence and conscience and identity transpass after death. These films will help teachers to analyze with students the moral limits of science and technologies.

Resumo Para o pós-humanismo, as tecnologias eliminarão o envelhecimento, potencializarão a cognição, a força e conservarão a psique humana em suportes digitais. Essas ideias, presentes em filmes de ficção científica, tornaram-se úteis para educar estudantes de medicina em Bioética. Apresentamos alguns desses filmes que tratam de mudanças tecnológicas de humanos e suas consequências: criação de humanoides por engenharia genética; escravos; "mercadoria" sem direitos nem dignidade; discriminação por manipulação genética eugênica; inteligência artificial que domina os humanos; criação de cyborg para matar; supremacia étnica e substituição de identidade; inteligência impessoal; transferência de consciência e identidade depois da morte. O estudo dos filmes ajudaria o professor a analisar, com os estudantes, os limites morais da ciência e das tecnologias.